{"id":1178,"date":"2023-11-10T16:34:26","date_gmt":"2023-11-10T08:34:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/?p=1178"},"modified":"2024-11-22T14:45:51","modified_gmt":"2024-11-22T06:45:51","slug":"what-is-the-production-process-of-stainless-steel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/what-is-the-production-process-of-stainless-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak\u00fd je v\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces nerezov\u00e9 oceli?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Obsah<\/h2>\n

1 V\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces z nerezov\u00e9 oceli
\n1.1 Suroviny
\n1.2 Rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.
\n1.3 Extrakce
\n1.3.1 AOD (argonov\u00e1 dekarbonizace kysl\u00edku)
\n1.3.2 Vakuov\u00e9 oduhli\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed (VOD)
\n1.3.3 ESR (p\u0159etavov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrostruskou)
\n1.3.4 Vakuov\u00e9 obloukov\u00e9 p\u0159etavov\u00e1n\u00ed (VAR)
\n1.4 Kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed odl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed
\n1.5 V\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed a povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava
\n2 Nerezov\u00e1 ocel se speci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fapravou kovu, popou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm a le\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm povrchu<\/p>\n

1. V\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces z nerezov\u00e9 oceli<\/h2>\n

Nerezov\u00e1 ocel se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le aplikac\u00ed, od dom\u00e1c\u00edch l\u017eic a vidli\u010dek a\u017e po l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje a sou\u010d\u00e1sti letadel.Obecn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh v\u00fdrobn\u00edho procesu je uveden n\u00ed\u017ee. (Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek vych\u00e1z\u00ed z procesu v\u00fdrobce elektrick\u00fdch pec\u00ed).
\nM\u00e1me k dispozici suroviny o tlou\u0161\u0165ce od 1 do 3 mm a nab\u00edz\u00edme u\u017eivatelsky p\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00e9 velikosti a mno\u017estv\u00ed d\u00edky v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za studena a dal\u0161\u00edmu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed.
\nPod\u00edvejme se na ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto proces\u016f bl\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n

\"Jak\u00fd<\/p>\n

1.1 Suroviny<\/h3>\n

Nerezov\u00e1 ocel (nap\u0159. 403 v\u00fdroba nerezov\u00e9 oceli) je obecn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro ocel, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 ur\u010ditou chemickou stabilitu na vzduchu, ve vod\u011b, v kyselin\u00e1ch, z\u00e1sad\u00e1ch, sol\u00edch nebo jin\u00fdch korozivn\u00edch prost\u0159ed\u00edch. Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed ocel s vynikaj\u00edc\u00edmi vlastnostmi, jako je odolnost proti korozi, tepeln\u00e1 odolnost, odolnost proti n\u00edzk\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m. Korozn\u00ed odolnost korozivzdorn\u00e9 oceli je d\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00eddavkem chromu, p\u016fsoben\u00edm korozivn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed se na povrchu ocelov\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f vytvo\u0159\u00ed vrstva pevn\u00e9ho hust\u00e9ho oxidov\u00e9ho filmu, naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 \"pasiva\u010dn\u00ed film\". D\u00edky tomuto filmu je kov izolov\u00e1n od okoln\u00edho sv\u011bta, co\u017e zabra\u0148uje dal\u0161\u00ed korozi kovu, a m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 schopnost samoopravy, jakmile je jednou zni\u010den, chrom v oceli se s kysl\u00edkem v m\u00e9diu regeneruje a pasiva\u010dn\u00ed film nad\u00e1le hraje ochrannou roli. Nerezov\u00e1 ocel krom\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho obsahu chromu, ale tak\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159\u00eddavku niklu, molybdenu, manganu, dus\u00edku a dal\u0161\u00edch leguj\u00edc\u00edch prvk\u016f, tak\u017ee ocel m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 z\u00edskat dostate\u010dnou pevnost, plasticitu a hou\u017eevnatost, jako\u017e i dobr\u00e9 procesn\u00ed vlastnosti, jako je sva\u0159itelnost, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Jak\u00fd
Suroviny z nerezov\u00e9 oceli<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1.2 Rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Feroslitiny (feroslitiny jako ferochrom a feronikl) se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako suroviny pro v\u00fdrobu nerezov\u00e9 oceli taven\u00edm a rafinaci rud v elektrick\u00fdch pec\u00edch a tak\u00e9 recyklovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f - \u0161rotu z nerezov\u00e9 oceli.
\nTyto feroslitiny a \u0161rot z nerezov\u00e9 oceli se tav\u00ed v elektrick\u00e9 peci.
\nTyto pece vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k taven\u00ed kov\u016f teplo oblouku p\u0159i teplot\u00e1ch od 3000 \u00b0C do 3500 \u00b0C. Tyto pece jsou ur\u010deny k pou\u017eit\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le aplikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Jak\u00fd
Rozpou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nerezov\u00e9 oceli<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1.3 Extrakce<\/h3>\n

Po roztaven\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st proces zvan\u00fd rafinace, aby se odstranily ne\u010distoty a uhl\u00edk.
\nN\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed metody AOD a VOD jsou typick\u00e9 pro metody rafinace nerezov\u00e9 oceli.<\/p>\n

AOD (proces dekarbonizace argonov\u00fdm kysl\u00edkem)
\nJedn\u00e1 se o proces rafinace nerezov\u00e9 oceli, jeho\u017e hlavn\u00edmi rysy jsou mo\u017enost p\u0159im\u00edch\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ferrochromu s vysok\u00fdm obsahem uhl\u00edku pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enosti chromu, velmi n\u00edzk\u00fd obsah uhl\u00edku a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd obsah ne\u010distot. Po roztaven\u00ed suroviny v elektrick\u00e9 peci se roztaven\u00fd kov p\u0159evede do samostatn\u00e9 rafina\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1doby a dekarbonizuje se vyfukov\u00e1n\u00edm sm\u011bsi argonu a kysl\u00edku ze dna pece. T\u00edm se zu\u0161lech\u0165uje kov s extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem uhl\u00edku a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se potla\u010duje oxida\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta chromu.<\/p>\n

\"Jak\u00fd
Extrakce nerezov\u00e9 oceli<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

1.4 VOD (proces vakuov\u00e9 dekarbonizace kysl\u00edkem)<\/h3>\n

Tato metoda m\u00e1 podobn\u00e9 vlastnosti jako metoda AOD, ale p\u00e1nve se oduhli\u010duj\u00ed ve vakuov\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ei vh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00edm kysl\u00edku ve vakuu p\u0159es horn\u00ed dmychadlo. A\u010dkoli nen\u00ed tak vhodn\u00e1 pro velkokapacitn\u00ed v\u00fdrobu jako AOD, d\u00edky vakuov\u00e9mu efektu je vhodn\u00e1 pro v\u00fdrobu vysoce \u010dist\u00fdch nerezov\u00fdch ocel\u00ed s velmi n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem uhl\u00edku, dus\u00edku a vod\u00edku. Po rafinaci lze prov\u00e9st procesy p\u0159etaven\u00ed, jako jsou n\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9 ESR a VAR, pro dal\u0161\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u010distoty (odstran\u011bn\u00ed ne\u010distot).<\/p>\n

\"Jak\u00fd
Proces vakuov\u00e9 dekarbonizace kysl\u00edkem<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1.5 ESR (p\u0159etavov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrostruskou)<\/h3>\n

Zraniteln\u00e1 elektroda se roztav\u00ed pod odporov\u00fdm teplem strusky a ztuhne ve vodou chlazen\u00e9 m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 form\u011b. D\u00edky zu\u0161lech\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edmu \u00fa\u010dinku strusky m\u00e1 zraniteln\u00e1 elektroda vlastnosti ods\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, dezoxidace a redukce inkluz\u00ed atd. Ingot je neporu\u0161en\u00fd, s men\u0161\u00ed segregac\u00ed, \u010distou slupkou ingotu a bez odlupov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed za tepla.<\/p>\n

\"Jak\u00fd
P\u0159etavov\u00e1n\u00ed elektro\u0161lupkou<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1.6 Vakuov\u00e9 obloukov\u00e9 p\u0159etavov\u00e1n\u00ed (VAR)<\/h3>\n

Materi\u00e1l se tav\u00ed stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdm obloukem ve vakuu nebo v inertn\u00edm plynu pomoc\u00ed spot\u0159ebn\u00edch elektrod a tuhne ve vodou chlazen\u00e9 m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 form\u011b, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vznik\u00e1 hotov\u00fd ingot s dob\u0159e ztuhlou strukturou a velmi mal\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm \u017e\u00e1ruvzdorn\u00fdch ne\u010distot a inkluz\u00ed.
\nJako spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektrody se tyto sou\u010d\u00e1sti p\u0159edupravuj\u00ed v odd\u011blen\u00fdch pec\u00edch (atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 tlakov\u00e9 pece nebo vakuov\u00e9 induk\u010dn\u00ed pece) a pot\u00e9 se odl\u00e9vaj\u00ed ve form\u011b elektrod.<\/p>\n

1.7 Kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed odl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Metoda lit\u00ed, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se roztaven\u00fd kov um\u00edst\u00ed na del\u0161\u00ed dobu do formy s otev\u0159en\u00fdm dnem a materi\u00e1l se ze dna odeb\u00edr\u00e1. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed lit\u00ed. V porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s metodou blok-and-block (p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se roztaven\u00fd kov nalije do lic\u00ed formy, vytvrd\u00ed, znovu zah\u0159eje, vyv\u00e1lcuje a na\u0159e\u017ee na ur\u010den\u00e9 d\u00e9lky), kter\u00e1 byla v minulosti dominantn\u00ed metodou, nab\u00edz\u00ed kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed lit\u00ed mnoho v\u00fdhod, nap\u0159\u00edklad vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed produktivitu a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1klady d\u00edky vynech\u00e1n\u00ed proces\u016f; a lep\u0161\u00ed kvalitu, nap\u0159\u00edklad homogenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mikrostrukturu a m\u00e9n\u011b nekovov\u00fdch inkluz\u00ed. Mezi v\u00fdhody pat\u0159\u00ed z hlediska kvality homogenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed struktura a m\u00e9n\u011b nekovov\u00fdch vm\u011bstk\u016f.<\/p>\n

1.8 V\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed a povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava<\/h3>\n

V\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed je proces, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se materi\u00e1l vlo\u017e\u00ed mezi dv\u011b kolejnice a pot\u00e9 se tlakem rozt\u00e1hne do tenk\u00e9 vrstvy, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se z materi\u00e1lu stane nerezov\u00e1 ocel.<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed dva hlavn\u00ed typy v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed: v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za tepla a v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za studena.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za tepla je metoda zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch mezi 900 \u00b0C a 1200 \u00b0C. Je to metoda v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k v\u00fdrob\u011b \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1ly v\u00fdrobk\u016f. V\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za tepla m\u00e1 n\u00edzkou deforma\u010dn\u00ed odolnost a dobr\u00e9 zpracovatelsk\u00e9 vlastnosti, ale ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00edm za studena m\u00e1 v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za tepla ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed rozm\u011brovou p\u0159esnost a hor\u0161\u00ed povrchovou \u00fapravu.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za studena je proces v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd prob\u00edh\u00e1 p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b a nen\u00ed tak dobr\u00fd jako v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za tepla, pokud jde o zpracovatelnost, ale m\u00e1 vysokou rozm\u011brovou p\u0159esnost a hladk\u00fd, leskl\u00fd povrch. Po v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za tepla n\u00e1sleduje v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za studena pro kone\u010dnou \u00fapravu s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed p\u0159esnost\u00ed, nebo lze v z\u00e1vislosti na aplikaci pou\u017e\u00edt pouze v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za tepla pro v\u00fdrobu v\u00fdrobku v nezm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 podob\u011b.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i tomto procesu se povrch tak\u00e9 upravuje le\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm nebo \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00edm, aby se dos\u00e1hlo po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho lesku. Nerezov\u00e1 ocel n\u00e1mi upraven\u00e1, kalen\u00e1, povrch le\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd. Na\u0161e spole\u010dnost prov\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00e1lcov\u00e1n\u00ed za studena a povrchovou \u00fapravu ve v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9m procesu. Nab\u00edz\u00edme n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdrobky Typ nerezov\u00e9 oceli, Dostupn\u00e9 kalen\u00ed Povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava Povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava Dal\u0161\u00ed informace o t\u011bchto v\u00fdrobc\u00edch z\u00edsk\u00e1te na na\u0161ich str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch. Str\u00e1nky produktu<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Table of Contents 1 Stainless steel manufacturing process 1.1 Raw materials 1.2 Dissolution. 1.3 Extraction 1.3.1 AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarbonization) 1.3.2 Vacuum decarburization (VOD) 1.3.3 ESR (Electroslag Remelting) 1.3.4 Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) 1.4 Continuous casting 1.5 Rolling and surface treatment 2 Stainless steel with special metal treatment, tempering and surface polishing 1. Stainless steel […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":442,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[428],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-knowledge"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1178"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1178\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/442"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dmsteels.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}